The Presentation of Betel Leaves (Fame’e Mbola Numono) as a Sign of Respect in the Relationship Between In-Laws: A Study of the Existence of Tradition Using Social Exchange Theory

Abstract

The traditional marriage system of the Nias ethnic group, particularly the lagara custom, is inseparable from the ritual of betel presentation (fame’e mbola numono) as a symbolic gesture of honor in the relationship between a son-in-law and his parents-in-law. This tradition reflects respect, acknowledgment, and the reinforcement of kinship ties between the groom and the bride’s family. This study aims to analyze the social meaning of betel presentation within the son-in-law and parent-in-law relationship through George C. Homans’s Social Exchange Theory. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, with data collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation of traditional lagara wedding stages in Gunungsitoli City, North Sumatra Province. Data were analyzed through stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results reveal that the fame’e mbola numono ritual functions not merely as a symbolic act but also as a form of non-verbal social exchange embodying moral values, kinship, and mutual respect. The act of offering betel leaves by the son-in-law represents a symbolic exchange that reinforces social harmony and familial cohesion. This study contributes to understanding how traditional cultural practices serve as a medium for maintaining and transmitting social values within local communities.